Developing Cryogenic Standard Responses with Uncertainties at 4.2K using a Thermo-Mechanical EM Approach

Increasing demand for cryogenic electronics, aimed at quantum sensors and computing technologies, requires accurate and quantifiable calibration methods and techniques. At high frequency, the characterization accuracy is set by the accurate knowledge of the calibration standards, while the knowledge of the residual errors is then required to define the measurement uncertainties. During this talk we will present an EM simulation strategy to generate the perturbations in the artifacts responses based on mechanical fabrication tolerances and calculate an equivalent RF response uncertainty. Both the nominal and perturbed standard responses are computed at cryogenic temperatures, employing a combination of thermo-mechanical responses with the electromagnetic solver. Measured results of a coaxial air transmission line at 77K and 4.2K will be presented with a full budget analysis of the various error contributors.